South Korean Retail Investors: 14 Million-strong "Ant Army" Diving into Cryptocurrency with Leverage

By: blockbeats|2025/10/21 17:30:04
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Original Title: Wipeouts Threaten Korea Retail Army Chasing Riskiest Investments
Original Authors: Sangmi Cha, Haram Lim, Bloomberg
Original Translator: Luffy, Foresight News

At a textile company in Seoul, Tony Kim, a manager, goes all-in on a stock whenever he sees potential.

34-year-old Tony Kim has never held two stocks simultaneously in his 140 million KRW (approximately 98,500 USD) investment portfolio. The father of two says, "Koreans, including me, are obsessed with that dopamine rush feeling as if it's engraved in our genes."

South Korean Retail Investors: 14 Million-strong

Tony Kim

For many retail investors, this trading strategy may seem reckless or unusually resilient to pressure. But among around 14 million retail investors in Korea known as the "ant army," this is just a glimpse of their extreme eagerness for returns and continuously increasing risk appetite.

This eagerness has driven funds to pour into investment accounts at a near-record pace. Over the past five years, Korean retail investors have leveraged up, leading to a doubling of margin loan balances. They have heavily entered high speculative leveraged and inverse exchange-traded funds (ETFs), accounting for 40% of the total assets of some leveraged ETFs registered in the US. At the same time, trading volumes of high-risk cryptocurrencies have surged to historic levels.

These retail investors' frenzied trading has not only reshaped the market but also made them a significant political force. Their power and anxiety have been so intense that they have even forced the South Korean government to make policy reversals for the first time.

Currently, as the global market soars to historic highs due to the artificial intelligence infrastructure boom, highly leveraged Korean retail investors are in an extremely vulnerable position. Once market sentiment shifts suddenly, speculative positions could collapse instantly, and losses could be further amplified.

Such a reversal occurred just over a week ago. The escalation of the US-China trade dispute triggered a cryptocurrency crash, causing numerous altcoins to instantly go to zero. Korean retail investors are renowned for gambling on small-cap tokens. The prices of these tokens are highly volatile, with altcoins accounting for over 80% of the total trading volume on Korean cryptocurrency exchanges, while Bitcoin and Ethereum usually comprise over 50% of the global platform's trading volume, forming a stark contrast.

For many South Korean retail investors, all high-risk operations are aimed at one goal: accumulating enough wealth in the fiercely competitive market to buy their own home. South Koreans use the term "borrowed soul" to describe this struggle, a phrase that accurately reflects the emotion and economic pressure behind the dream of homeownership.

The recent policies of the South Korean government have further intensified retail investors' risky behavior. Measures such as the mortgage loan limit implemented by the new President Lee Jae-myung and the rise in rent caused by the lease market reform have made buying a home even more out of reach. Last week, the government introduced multiple measures to cool down the overheated real estate market, including tightening loan limits in the greater Seoul area and reducing the loan-to-value ratio of mortgaged properties.

"Our parents' generation accumulated wealth through the Han River miracle real estate boom, but our generation is not as lucky," said 36-year-old Kim Su-jin. She used to be a business consultant and started investing in cryptocurrencies with all her severance pay after resigning. "In my circle, about 30 people have already 'graduated'—meaning they have earned enough money and exited high-risk investments," she said. "I also hope to 'graduate' one day."

The Han River in Seoul

Buyer Beware

The momentum of South Korean retail investors chasing gains is evident in various markets. Since Donald Trump won the U.S. presidential election last year and began his second term, the trading volume of domestic cryptocurrency exchanges in South Korea has skyrocketed, at one point reaching 80% of the trading volume of the Korean benchmark stock index Kospi; stablecoins pegged to fiat currencies have also attracted a large amount of retail funds.

Investors have also been pouring into leveraged and inverse ETFs, products that amplify returns (and losses) by 2 to 3 times through derivatives. Due to strict regulations in South Korea, such as simulated trading drills and high margin requirements for these products, retail investors have turned to overseas markets and have now become significant participants in the global leveraged ETF market.

Comparison of South Korean cryptocurrency exchange trading volume and Kospi index trading volume

The high-risk behavior of South Korean retail investors not only puts household savings at risk but also puts pressure on the financial system, threatening overall economic stability. As investors flock to high-yield, high-risk assets, traditional financial instruments have gradually fallen out of favor, and banks' channels for funding have been squeezed. In the six weeks after July this year, major banks in South Korea lost nearly 40 trillion Korean won (approximately $281 billion) in deposits.

“In Korea, investment is often seen as gambling rather than long-term planning - almost as brutal as 'Squid Game',” said Choi Jae-won, an economics professor at Seoul National University. “Once the bubble bursts, individuals face a wealth backlash, leading to a worsening situation: personal loans crisis, decreased spending power, ultimately affecting the entire national economy.”

Regulatory agencies are also deeply concerned. “We worry that if the market collapses, it will have an impact on retail investors' assets and the overall economy,” said Lee Yoon-soo, a permanent commissioner at the Korea Securities and Futures Commission.

Psychiatrists point out that high-risk investments are increasingly taking a toll on individuals' mental health. “Without inherited wealth, an apartment in Gangnam (Seoul's affluent area) is a daydream,” said Park Jong-sik. Having lost around $250,000 due to investments, he now runs a clinic specializing in treating investment addiction patients. “In this anxiety-ridden society, even knowing the risks, people are still drawn to high-risk investments. It’s as if the whole system is pushing them forward, leading them into an anxiety-driven investment addiction cycle.”

Park Jong-sik

“Zeroed Overnight”

For some, the scars of an investment collapse are hard to heal. 35-year-old Han Jung-hoon went through the euphoria of “a 30-fold increase in the cryptocurrency wallet balance to 660 million Korean won,” but the Luna collapse in 2022 turned it all into nothing.

TerraUSD was a stablecoin project launched by South Korean Do Kwon, which ended in failure. In August of this year, Do Kwon pleaded guilty to fraud, and the project’s collapse wiped out about $40 billion in market value in just a few days.

“My 660 million won profit disappeared overnight, and in the end, I only got back less than 6 million won,” Han Jung-hoon said.

This collapse completely changed his life. Although he has not completely given up on cryptocurrency, he has moved away from high-risk investments, focusing on meditation, and even started a YouTube channel sharing his favorite breathing techniques. Today, he lives on the remote Jeju Island and occasionally goes on meditation trips to Bali.

Han Jung-hoon

Nevertheless, social media platforms like YouTube are still filled with bold investment success stories. Couples putting all their savings into Bitcoin, 27-year-old college students earning tens of thousands of dollars a month through high-frequency trading... These stories are exactly what attract investors like Tony Kim.

Tony Kim is currently fully invested in stocks of companies such as NVIDIA and Tesla. "I have made money through leverage, and that easy profit feeling got me hooked," he recalls. He remembers when he "made $13,000 overnight from $900," but lost all his gains in just three days. "You keep chasing that sensation of getting rich quick."

Original Article Link

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Debunking the AI Doomsday Myth: Why Establishment Inertia and the Software Wasteland Will Save Us

Original Title: Against Citrini7Original Author: John Loeber, ResearcherOriginal Translation: Ismay, BlockBeats


Editor's Note: Citrini7's cyberpunk-themed AI doomsday prophecy has sparked widespread discussion across the internet. However, this article presents a more pragmatic counter perspective. If Citrini envisions a digital tsunami instantly engulfing civilization, this author sees the resilient resistance of the human bureaucratic system, the profoundly flawed existing software ecosystem, and the long-overlooked cornerstone of heavy industry. This is a frontal clash between Silicon Valley fantasy and the iron law of reality, reminding us that the singularity may come, but it will never happen overnight.


The following is the original content:


Renowned market commentator Citrini7 recently published a captivating and widely circulated AI doomsday novel. While he acknowledges that the probability of some scenes occurring is extremely low, as someone who has witnessed multiple economic collapse prophecies, I want to challenge his views and present a more deterministic and optimistic future.


Never Underestimate "Institutional Inertia"


In 2007, people thought that against the backdrop of "peak oil," the United States' geopolitical status had come to an end; in 2008, they believed the dollar system was on the brink of collapse; in 2014, everyone thought AMD and NVIDIA were done for. Then ChatGPT emerged, and people thought Google was toast... Yet every time, existing institutions with deep-rooted inertia have proven to be far more resilient than onlookers imagined.


When Citrini talks about the fear of institutional turnover and rapid workforce displacement, he writes, "Even in fields we think rely on interpersonal relationships, cracks are showing. Take the real estate industry, where buyers have tolerated 5%-6% commissions for decades due to the information asymmetry between brokers and consumers..."


Seeing this, I couldn't help but chuckle. People have been proclaiming the "death of real estate agents" for 20 years now! This hardly requires any superintelligence; with Zillow, Redfin, or Opendoor, it's enough. But this example precisely proves the opposite of Citrini's view: although this workforce has long been deemed obsolete in the eyes of most, due to market inertia and regulatory capture, real estate agents' vitality is more tenacious than anyone's expectations a decade ago.


A few months ago, I just bought a house. The transaction process mandated that we hire a real estate agent, with lofty justifications. My buyer's agent made about $50,000 in this transaction, while his actual work — filling out forms and coordinating between multiple parties — amounted to no more than 10 hours, something I could have easily handled myself. The market will eventually move towards efficiency, providing fair pricing for labor, but this will be a long process.


I deeply understand the ways of inertia and change management: I once founded and sold a company whose core business was driving insurance brokerages from "manual service" to "software-driven." The iron rule I learned is: human societies in the real world are extremely complex, and things always take longer than you imagine — even when you account for this rule. This doesn't mean that the world won't undergo drastic changes, but rather that change will be more gradual, allowing us time to respond and adapt.


The Software Industry Has "Infinite Demand" for Labor


Recently, the software sector has seen a downturn as investors worry about the lack of moats in the backend systems of companies like Monday, Salesforce, Asana, making them easily replicable. Citrini and others believe that AI programming heralds the end of SaaS companies: one, products become homogenized, with zero profits, and two, jobs disappear.


But everyone overlooks one thing: the current state of these software products is simply terrible.


I'm qualified to say this because I've spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on Salesforce and Monday. Indeed, AI can enable competitors to replicate these products, but more importantly, AI can enable competitors to build better products. Stock price declines are not surprising: an industry relying on long-term lock-ins, lacking competitiveness, and filled with low-quality legacy incumbents is finally facing competition again.


From a broader perspective, almost all existing software is garbage, which is an undeniable fact. Every tool I've paid for is riddled with bugs; some software is so bad that I can't even pay for it (I've been unable to use Citibank's online transfer for the past three years); most web apps can't even get mobile and desktop responsiveness right; not a single product can fully deliver what you want. Silicon Valley darlings like Stripe and Linear only garner massive followings because they are not as disgustingly unusable as their competitors. If you ask a seasoned engineer, "Show me a truly perfect piece of software," all you'll get is prolonged silence and blank stares.


Here lies a profound truth: even as we approach a "software singularity," the human demand for software labor is nearly infinite. It's well known that the final few percentage points of perfection often require the most work. By this standard, almost every software product has at least a 100x improvement in complexity and features before reaching demand saturation.


I believe that most commentators who claim that the software industry is on the brink of extinction lack an intuitive understanding of software development. The software industry has been around for 50 years, and despite tremendous progress, it is always in a state of "not enough." As a programmer in 2020, my productivity matches that of hundreds of people in 1970, which is incredibly impressive leverage. However, there is still significant room for improvement. People underestimate the "Jevons Paradox": Efficiency improvements often lead to explosive growth in overall demand.


This does not mean that software engineering is an invincible job, but the industry's ability to absorb labor and its inertia far exceed imagination. The saturation process will be very slow, giving us enough time to adapt.


Redemption of "Reindustrialization"


Of course, labor reallocation is inevitable, such as in the driving sector. As Citrini pointed out, many white-collar jobs will experience disruptions. For positions like real estate brokers that have long lost tangible value and rely solely on momentum for income, AI may be the final straw.


But our lifesaver lies in the fact that the United States has almost infinite potential and demand for reindustrialization. You may have heard of "reshoring," but it goes far beyond that. We have essentially lost the ability to manufacture the core building blocks of modern life: batteries, motors, small-scale semiconductors—the entire electricity supply chain is almost entirely dependent on overseas sources. What if there is a military conflict? What's even worse, did you know that China produces 90% of the world's synthetic ammonia? Once the supply is cut off, we can't even produce fertilizer and will face famine.


As long as you look to the physical world, you will find endless job opportunities that will benefit the country, create employment, and build essential infrastructure, all of which can receive bipartisan political support.


We have seen the economic and political winds shifting in this direction—discussions on reshoring, deep tech, and "American vitality." My prediction is that when AI impacts the white-collar sector, the path of least political resistance will be to fund large-scale reindustrialization, absorbing labor through a "giant employment project." Fortunately, the physical world does not have a "singularity"; it is constrained by friction.


We will rebuild bridges and roads. People will find that seeing tangible labor results is more fulfilling than spinning in the digital abstract world. The Salesforce senior product manager who lost a $180,000 salary may find a new job at the "California Seawater Desalination Plant" to end the 25-year drought. These facilities not only need to be built but also pursued with excellence and require long-term maintenance. As long as we are willing, the "Jevons Paradox" also applies to the physical world.


Towards Abundance


The goal of large-scale industrial engineering is abundance. The United States will once again achieve self-sufficiency, enabling large-scale, low-cost production. Moving beyond material scarcity is crucial: in the long run, if we do indeed lose a significant portion of white-collar jobs to AI, we must be able to maintain a high quality of life for the public. And as AI drives profit margins to zero, consumer goods will become extremely affordable, automatically fulfilling this objective.


My view is that different sectors of the economy will "take off" at different speeds, and the transformation in almost all areas will be slower than Citrini anticipates. To be clear, I am extremely bullish on AI and foresee a day when my own labor will be obsolete. But this will take time, and time gives us the opportunity to devise sound strategies.


At this point, preventing the kind of market collapse Citrini imagines is actually not difficult. The U.S. government's performance during the pandemic has demonstrated its proactive and decisive crisis response. If necessary, massive stimulus policies will quickly intervene. Although I am somewhat displeased by its inefficiency, that is not the focus. The focus is on safeguarding material prosperity in people's lives—a universal well-being that gives legitimacy to a nation and upholds the social contract, rather than stubbornly adhering to past accounting metrics or economic dogma.


If we can maintain sharpness and responsiveness in this slow but sure technological transformation, we will eventually emerge unscathed.


Source: Original Post Link


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